Jackfruit - Health benefits, application, chemical constituents, side effects and many more

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 Jackfruit


Jackfruit, botanically known as Artocarpus heterophyllus, grows in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. The Jackfruit can be used raw as vegetable and ripe as fruit. The Jackfruit is an extremely versatile and sweet tasting fruit that possesses high nutritional value. From the time immemorial, the whole jackfruit tree is used as a traditional medicine. Artocarpus heterophyllus has multifaceted medicinal properties. The medicinal properties of Jackfruit include anti-asthmatic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, hypoglycemic, antimalarial, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-arthritic, anti-helmintic, anti-inflammatory, ant carcinogenic, anti platelet, antiviral, anti tubercular, anti atherosclerotic activities. It is widely spread all over the India. Jackfruit is also known as the largest tree-borne fruit in the world. India is believed to be the land of Jackfruit. It is a nonseasonal fruit.  

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The flavor of the ripe fruit is comparable to a combination of apple, pineapple, mango, and banana. Varieties are distinguished according to characteristics of the fruit flesh. In Indochina, the two varieties are the "hard" version (crunchier, drier, and less sweet, but fleshier), and the "soft" version (softer, moister, and much sweeter, with a darker gold-color flesh than the hard variety).

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It has different names in different languages such as Hindi name(Katahal, Chakki),  English name(Jackfruit),  Marathi name(Panas, Kathhal, Phanas),  Guajarati name(Panas, Phanas, Katahal),  Bengali name(Kantal, Kanthal,  Kathal),  Kannada name(Halasu, Halasina Hannu, Halasina mara),  Malayalam name(Chakka, Pilavoo, pilavu),  Tamil name(Murasabalam, Chakka, Palamaram , Pilapalam),  Telugu name(Panasa chettu), Konkani name(Ponas),  Assamese name(Kathahal, Kathal),  Oriya name(Panash).


Part of plant used

Fruit, Leaf, Bark, Latex




Vitamin and mineral content

Vitamin : A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, C, E

Minerals : Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Zinc

The edible pulp is 74% water, 23% carbohydrates, 2% protein, and 1% fat. 

• Jackfruit contains amino acids like arginine, cystine, histidine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan. The flesh of ripe jackfruit contains 1.9 g proteins per 100g. The protein concentration of the jackfruit seeds may vary from 5.3 to 6.8%

• Jackfruit contains many classes of phytochemicals such as carotenoids, flavonoids, volatile acids sterols, and tannins, with varying concentrations depending on the variety.

• The jackfruit kernel is reported to contain β-carotene, α-carotene, β-zeacarotene, α-zeacarotene and β-carotene-5,6α-epoxide, and a dicarboxylic carotenoid and crocetin, according to recent studies the key carotenoids present in jackfruit are all-trans-lutein, all-trans-β-carotene, all-trans-neoxanthin, 9-cis-neoxanthin, and 9-cis-vio-laxanthin.

jackfruit possesses compounds like morin, dihydromorin, cynomacurin, artocarpin, isoartocarpin, cyloartocarpin, artocarpesin, oxydihydroartocarpesin, artocarpetin, norartocarpetin, cycloartinone, betulinic acid, artocarpanone, and heterophylol which are useful in fever, boils, wounds, skin diseases, convulsions, diuretic, constipation, ophthalmic disorders, snake bite, etc.





Properties and benefits

  • Rasa (Taste) – Madhura (Sweet), Kashaya (Astringent)
  • Guna (Qualities) – Guru (Heavy), Snigdha (Slimy)
  • Taste conversation after digestion – Madhura (Sweet)
  • Veerya (Potency) – Sheetala (Cold)
  • Effect on Tridosha – Reduces vitiated vata and pitta dosha
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  • Guru – heavy to digest
  • Vishtambi – causes constipation
  • Vatala – increases Vata Dosha
  • Picchila – Sticky, Slimy
  • Hrudya – acts as cardiac tonic, congenial for heart
  • Balakrut – improves strength and immunity
  • Grahi – absorbent, useful in diarrhea, IBS
  • Durjara – takes a long time to undergo digestion

Indicated in –

  • Shrama – tiredness, fatigue
  • Daha –  burning sensation, as in gastritis, neuropathy, burning sensation in eyes etc
  • Shosha – emaciated
  • Raktapitta –Bleeding disorders such as nasal bleeding, heavy periods, etc
  • Kshata – injury, bleeding
  • Kshaya – depletion of body tissues, weight loss.


Flower of jack fruit –

  • Tikta – bitter
  • Guru – heavy to digest
  • Vaktra Vishodhana – cleanses oral cavity


Unripe fruit –

  • Kapha Vardhana – increases Kapha
  • Medo Vardhana – incrases fat
  • Vishtambhi – causes constipation
  • Vatala – increases Vata Dosha
  • Tuvara – astringent
  • Dahaghna – relieves burning sensation
  • Madhura – sweet
  • Guru – heavy to digest


Ripe Jack fruit –

  • Sheetala – coolant
  • Swadu – sweet taste
  • Tarpana – nourishing
  • Brimhana – improves weight
  • Vrushya – aphrodisiac, improves vigor
  • Mamsala – improves muscle strength
  • Shleshmala – increases Kapha Dosha
  • Balya – improves strength and immunity
  • Snigdha – unctuous, oily
  • Vatahara – useful in treating disorders of Vata Dosha imbalance  such as neuralgia, paralysis, constipation, bloating, etc.
  • The ripe jackfruit is sweet in taste, slimy in nature, heavy for digestion, Is cardio tonic, promotes strength, increases the quantity of semen. It treats fatigue and burning sensation, imparts taste, treats depletion of dhatus and is difficult to digest.


Jack fruit seed uses:

  • Vrushya – aphrodisiac, improves vigor
  • Madhura – sweet
  • Ishat kashaya – slightly astringent
  • Vatala – increases Vata Dosha
  • Guru – heavy to digest
  • Baddha Varchas – causes constipation
  • Srushtamutra – diuretic
  • Jack fruit Seed pulp:
  • Pittaghna – balances Pitta
  • It aggravates vata and is heavy for digestion. It treats the disorders caused by the fruit, It imparts taste and cures skin diseases.



Uses, Benefits and Application

1) The ripened fruits of Panasa provide good nourishment and strength to the body: hence can be consumed moderately by persons in need of body strength.


2) In Maharashtra, Jackfruit seeds are used to make Daleecha Sambaaraa and raw jackfruit is used in phanasaachi bhaji and the fruits are either eaten alone or used to prepare phanaspoli.


3) The flesh of fully ripened jackfruit is spread on a mattress and is allowed to dry in sunlight. It has almost similar properties to that of fruit but is light for digestion due to the processing.


4) Unripe jackfruit has a mild flavor and meat-like texture and is used in curry dishes with spices in many cuisines.


5) Decoction of the root and leaf is consumed in a dose of 40-50 ml to treat skin diseases and cases of poisoning due to insect bite.


6) Latex from the leaves are applied over the mouth ulcers to as part of treatment.


7) A sweet preparation called chakkavaratti (jackfruit jam) is made by seasoning pieces of muttomvarikka fruit flesh in jaggery, which can be preserved and used for many months.

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8) The fruits are either eaten alone or as a side to rice. The juice is extracted and either drunk straight or as a side. The juice is sometimes condensed and eaten as candies. The seeds are either boiled or roasted and eaten with salt and hot chilies. They are also used to make spicy side dishes with rice. 


9) A study has explored that the ripe jackfruit is richer than apple, apricot, avocado, and banana in some minerals and vitamins.

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10) Jackfruit is rich in vitamin C. Moreover, it is one of the rare fruits that is rich in B-complex group of vitamins and contains very good amounts of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), niacin, riboflavin, and folic acid.

               - Jackfruit is also a good source of vitamin C, which protects the skin from the damage that occurs as a consequence of the natural aging process and prolonged exposure to sun. Vitamin C is also essential for the production of collagen, gives firmness and strength to the skin, and maintains oral health.


11) The ripened fruits acts as blood coagulant and is useful to control bleeding in wounds.


12) The ripened Jackfruit can be consumed to increase sperm count.


13) Decoction of the bark of Panasa/Jackfruit is given in a dose of 40- 50 ml to treat diarrhea and skin diseases.


14) In some countries, pureed jackfruit has been processed into baby food, juice, jam, jelly, base for cordials, candies, fruit-rolls, marmalades, jackfruit leather, and ice cream.


15) Jackfruit contains flavonoids which are effective in inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators from the mast cells, neutrophils, and macrophages.


16) The flesh and seeds of jackfruit are considered as a cooling and nutritious tonic.


17) Jackfruit has abundance of important minerals. It is rich in magnesium, which is important for the absorption of calcium and helps strengthen the bones and prevents bone-related disorders such as osteoporosis. Iron in jackfruit helps to prevent anemia and aids in proper blood circulation and copper plays an important role in thyroid gland metabolism.


18) Jackfruit helps to fight wrinkles. Its consumption helps in getting a glowing complexion and flawless skin.


19) Jackfruit seeds are very beneficial in hair growth.


20) In Srilanka, Jackfruit is used to make wine and Pickles.


21) Bark of jack fruit is made decoction along with Bhunimba (Andrographis paniculata) and Cumin. This decoction is administered along with Dhanwantaram gulika for the treatment of cough, cold, asthma etc.

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22) In Africa, Seeds of jackfruit are grounded into a flour type meal and used mainly for bread and other baking purposes.


23) The leaves are excellent adsorbents and are reported to remove dye from the aqueous solutions.


24) In a single year, the jackfruit tree can produce as many as 250 fruits.


25) Crushed inflorescences are used to stop bleeding in open wounds.


26) Latex from Panasa tree is mixed with vinegar and applied over the area affected with glandular swelling.


27) Leaf extract is given to diabetics as a control measure. An extract from leaves and latex cures asthma, prevents ringworm infestation and heals cracking of feet. A tea made with dried and powdered leaves is taken to relieve asthma.


28)Jackfruit is used as a shade tree for coffee, pepper, betel nut, and cardamom, and, due to its beautiful foliage, many products, and bountiful production, it has become an excellent tree for home gardens.  

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Side effects :

  • People undergoing therapy for immuno-suppression should avoid eating the seeds of this fruit because these seeds are immuno-stimulant.
  • Over consumption of jackfruit can upset the stomach, due to its high fiber conten



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Refrence

1) Int J Food Sci. 2019; 2019: 4327183.  Published online 2019 Jan 6.   PMCID: PMC6339770

2) Int J Pharm Investig. 2012 Apr-Jun; 2(2): 61–69.   PMCID: PMC3482767

3) Bhojana Kutuhalam

4) Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

5) Food Sci Nutr. 2020 Aug; 8(8): 4370–4378.  Published online 2020 Jul 1.    PMCID: PMC7455967

6) J Food Sci Technol. 2018 Jun; 55(6): 2122–2129.  Published online 2018 Mar 26.   PMCID: PMC5976596

7) Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 7(3), May - Jun 2016

8) Kaiyyadeva Nighantu

9) Charaka samhitha

10) Susrutha Samhitha

11) Astanga Hridaya

12) Atharva Veda 

13) International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research | June 2018 | Vol 6 | Issue 6.    ISSN: 2322- 0902.

14) NCBI

15) PUBMED

16) FIJI AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL | Volume 57 | Issue No. 1 | December 2017

17) Nutritional Composition of Fruit Cultivars 2016, Pages 317-335

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