POMEGRANATE(Anar) - Health benefits, application, chemical constituents, side effects and many more

POMEGRANATE(Anar)

Pomegranate(Punica granatum) is a long-lived and drought-tolerant plant. Arid and semiarid zones are popular for growing pomegranate trees. The fruit is typically in season in the Northern Hemisphere from September to February, and in the Southern Hemisphere from March to May. According to the holy book of Muslims, The Quran, Pomegranates are considered to be an example of God’s good creations and are grown in the gardens of paradise. Because of this reason, it is recited twice in the Quran. It shows antioxidant, antiparasitic, antischistosomal, antidiabetic, antiviral, antibacterial,  anti-inflammatory  and  anticarcinogenic activities.

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It has different names in different languages such as Marathi name(Dalimb),   Hindi name: Anar),   Tamil name(Matuli, maadulai, maatulai pazham),   Kannada name(Dalimbe hannu),   Telugu name(Danimma Kaya, daalimba, daanimma),  Malyalam name(Matalam, matalam, madala, raktabijam),   Persian name(anar),   Urdu name(aab-e-amar, amrdana),   Arabic name(gulnar),   Sanskrit name(Dadimah)

Parts of plant used

bark, leaves, flower, fruit, fruit extract or juice, root and fruit rind

Vitamins and minerals content

Vitamins : B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, C, E, K

Minerals : Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, phosphorus, Potassium, sodium, zinc

Pomegranate juice is a good source of fructose, sucrose, and glucose. It also has some of the simple organic acids such as ascorbic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, and malic acid. In addition, it contains small amounts of all amino acids, specifically proline, methionine, and valine. Both the juice and peel are rich in polyphenols and antioxidants(tannin and flavonoids).

               - Flavonoids : anthocyanins(gives red colour to juice), flavan 3-ols, and flavonols. 

               - Tannin : Ellagitannin(punicalagin and punicalin)[ hydrolysed to ellagic acid ], gallotannins (hydrolised to gallic acid) 

The pomegranate tree's bark and roots are rich sources of chemicals called alkaloids. 

Dried and cleaned white seeds contains oil which is rich punicic acid[ triple conjugated 18-carbon fatty acid ](65%) with this seeds also contains some phytoestrogen compounds. With this it also contains large amount of fiber

Pomegranate and its chemical components possess various pharmacological and toxicological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory (by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines), anti-cancer and anti-angiogenesis activities. They also show inhibitory effects on invasion/motility, cell cycle, apoptosis, and vital enzymes such as cyclooxygenase (COX), lipooxygenase (LOX), cytochrome P450 (CYP450), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), carbonic anhydrase (CA), 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSDs) and serine protease (SP). 

The antioxidant potential of pomegranate juice is more than that of red wine and green tea, which is induced through ellagitannins and hydrosable tannins. Pomegranate juice can reduce macrophage oxidative stress, free radicals, and lipid peroxidation.

About 18% of dried and cleaned white seeds are oil. The oil is rich in punicic acid (65%), which is a triple conjugated 18-carbon fatty acid. There are some phytoestrogen compounds in pomegranate seeds that have sex steroid hormones similar to those in humankind. The 17-alpha-estradiol is a mirror-image version of estrogen.

Pomegranate juice is a good source of fructose, sucrose, and glucose. It also has some of the simple organic acids such as ascorbic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, and malic acid. In addition, it contains small amounts of all amino acids, specifically proline, methionine, and valine. Both the juice and peel are rich in polyphenols.

Ellagitannin is a type of tannins; it can be broken down into hydroxybenzoic acid such as ellagic acid. It is widely used in plastic surgeries, which prevents skin flap's death due to its antioxidant activity. Two other ellagitannins that are found in both pomegranate juice and peel are punicalagin and punicalin. Several classes of pomegranate flavonoids include anthocyanins, flavan 3-ols, and flavonols. 

The pomegranate tree's bark and roots are rich sources of chemicals called alkaloids. They are carbon-based substances; they were used to treat worms in the human gastrointestinal tract in traditional medicine.

The edible part of the fruit is at least 50% of the fruit (40% arils and 10% seeds), and the rest is the non-edible peel. Peels are source of phenolics, minerals and complex polysaccharides, while arils, apart from water (85%), contain sugars, pectin, organic acids, phenolics, and flavonoids—principally anthocyanins. Seeds contain proteins, crude fibers, vitamins, minerals, sugars, polyphenols, isoflavones, and the oil that is derived from them (12–20%) is characterized by a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linolenic and linoleic acids, as well as other lipids such as punicic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and palmitic acid 

Pomegranate peel has ellagitannins, ellagic acid, gallic acid, hydroxybenzoic acids such as ellagic acid, gallagic acid, and ellagic acid glycosides. Punicalagin is the major bioactive component of pomegranate peel. Anthocyanidins are mainly contained cyanidin, pelargonidin and delphinidin and flavonoids such as kaempferol, luteolin, and quercetin.

Properties of pomegranate

• Qualities – light to digest, unctuous, oily

• Taste – sweet, sour, astringent

• Taste conversion after digestion – sweet or sour

• Potency – neither cold, nor sweet.

• Effects on Tridosha  –  

• Sweet pomegranate balances vata, kapha, pitta.
• Sour pomegranate balances vata and kapha but increases pitta

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Sweet Pomegranate 

• Trit hara, Daaha hara – It relieves excessive thirst and burning sensation.
• It cleanses and clarifies oral cavity, throat, oesophagus stomach and chest.
• Shukrala – It is a good natural aphrodisiac and improves sperm count and semen quality.
• Laghu – It undergoes digestion very easily, very light on stomach.
• It also has astringent taste, helps to relieve diarrhoea, useful in IBS, ulcerative colitis.
• Medha balakara – It improves intelligence, immunity and body strength
• Hridya – Good for heart.

Sour pomegranate

• Sour pomegranate fruit – Pomegranate fruit having predominant sour taste increases Pitta to a greater extent. Hence, it is not indicated in bleeding disorders. But it balances Kapha and Vata. Sour pomegranate is ideal ingredient of diet in Rheumatoid arthritis.

Application, benefits and uses of pomegranate

1) It is a good natural aphrodisiac which helps to improves sperm count and semen quality.

2) It improves intelligence, immunity and body strength.

3) It relieves excessive thirst and burning sensation.

4) It cleanses and clarifies oral cavity, throat, oesophagus stomach and chest.

5) It helps relieve anorexia, improves taste of food.

6) Pomegranate  flowers  have been used in both the Unani and Ayurvedic systems  of  medicines  as  a  remedy  for diabetes. 

7) The powder prepared from its rind is used as tooth powder and also employed in cosmetic industries.

8) The aqueous extract of  Pomegranate peel extract shows wound healing activity. 

9) Rich source of Antioxidant content in pomegranate is very good for heart and it's function.

10) It help to get relief from vomiting and loss of taste.

11) For food poisoning : Take tablespoon of dried leaves powder of Pomegranate in a cup of water and boil it for 5-7 minute and some honey in it(in cool/luke warm phase). Take this mixture for 5-7 days.

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12) Decoction of pomegranate rind is taken for dysentery.

13) Pomegranate is rich in anti-oxidants and thus protects our body from free radicals, which are responsible for premature ageing. 

14) In south India, it is mixed with curd rice and consumed. It helps in digestion.

15) Astringent and antimicrobial property of pomegranate helps to reduce plaque formation in mouth due microorganisms.

16) The edible parts of pomegranate fruits are consumed fresh or used for the preparation of fresh juice, jelly, jam, and paste and also for flavoring and coloring the culinary preparations.

17) The fruit pulp is crushed and squeezed in water and mixed with sugar candy is used as a refrigerant to reduce heartburn.

18) It is also used to stop hiccough and excess salivation from the mouth.

19) Being rich in iron, it help to decrease the anaemic symptoms like fatigue, dizziness and weakness and hair loss.

20) Dried powder pomegranate flower buds are used to reduce cough. OR ½ cup pomegranate juice with a pinch of ginger and a pinch of pippali (piper longum).

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21) Central Council of Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS) recommends the intake of fresh juice of Pomegranate 15 ml twice with honey to control anaemia. The ghee made of pomegranate is also recommended the control of anaemia in rural areas with Siddha and Ayurveda drugs.

22) Pomegranate acts as a remedy in the cure of illness triggered in various forms, like atherosclerosis and osteoarthritis caused by the thickening and solidifying of the arterial walls and incartilage and joint

23) Regular intake if the fruit helps in maintaining good blood flow in the body. It alsodecreases the risks of cardiac arrests and heart

24) Pomegranates peel, bark and leaves are effectively employed for the curing ofdigestive disorders leading to diarrhea. Pomegranate juice is also used for treatment of dysentery andcholera 

25) The juice of pomegranate helps in the prevention of coronary illnesses in diabetic.

26) Pomegranate seed extract supplies iron to blood and thus, helps in decreasing theoccurrence of anemic symptoms including weakness, fatigue.

27) The pomegranate flower, juice, rind and tree bark also possess astringent properties and are valuablefor a wide range of purposes, such as stopping nose bleeds and gum bleeds and in treatinghemorrhoid.

28) Pomegranate for dysentery : The outer fruit cover of Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is made into a  decoction and administered (15-20 ml) repeatedly. Its leaf decoction for food poisoning, diarrhea – Its leaves – dried and powdered. Taken in one tablespoon quantity, added with a cup of water, boiled for 5 – 10 minutes. Filtered. It is advised along with a little honey, in a dose of 30 ml, twice a day, before food for  5-7 days. 

29) Description of pomegranate is being found since Vedic period. Pomegranate is mentioned in Rigveda also. Aacharya sushruth described pomegranate or Dadim (Sanskrit name) as a best fruit i.e., Shresthaunder Phalavarga. According to Acharya Vagbhata, Dadim is also included in Shramghna and Hrudya Gana. In Ayurved Pomegranate known as Dadim, is an important fruit known for its Rochana, Deepana,and Hrudya effect.

Note : 

1. Almost all the parts of pomegranate such as leaves, flower buds, flowers, tender fruits, fruits, fruit rind, bark of both root and stem are having therapeutic values against various diseases of the man. It is because of this reason pomegranate is called as an agent of restoration.
2. It also has three times more antioxidants than red wine and green tea. 

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